地下停车库空气污染物排放实测研究

通过对上海市某商业地下停车库库内及排风管道的连续监测,获得了CO、NO、非甲烷总烃(NMHC)、PM10等空气污染物浓度数据。结果表明:(1)地下停车库的休息日车流量明显大于工作日,且工作日小时车流与车位比为20%~50%、休息日小时车流与车位比为20%~80%。(2)总体上,地下停车库内CO、NO、NMHC浓度呈明显变化规律,营业时间现峰值,非营业时间现谷值;地下停车库内CO、NO、NMHC变化规律和车库排风中具有较好的一致性。(3)车库排风中污染物浓度水平均低于地下停车库内。(4)营业时间的CO、NO、NMHC小时浓度平均值明显增大,约为非营业时间的2.42~3.67倍。(5)单车次CO、NOX、NMHC排放量最大值分别为0.855、0.070、0.214g/(辆·次)。(6)营业时间,除地下停车库内CO外,NO、PM10的8h时间加权平均值符合《工作场所有害因素职业接触限值化学有害因素》(GBZ 2.1—2007,其中未规定NMHC)中时间加权平均容许浓度(PC-TWA);地下停车库内CO出现33.3%的超标频率,最大占标率104%。     

大气环境无人机监测方法研究

目前地面常规大气监测手段难以对垂直方向污染源监测,也难以应对环境突发事件,采用无人机大气监测与数值模拟结合的方法可以解决该问题。实验开发了基于无人机平台的空气质量监测平台,采用数值模拟方法确定平台搭载方案,再对无人机监测系统得到的监测数据与数值模拟计算结果作对比分析,得到各项污染物浓度。分析了该方法存在的问题,提出了提高数据链路传输能力,开展无人机遥感系统相关环境质量评价方法学研究,开发精度高、质量轻的无人机大气监测吊舱,开展地面静止比对和飞行测量比对实验等建议。     

The rise of glyphosate and new opportunities for biosentinel early‐warning studies

Glyphosate has become the most commonly used herbicide worldwide and is reputedly environmentally benign, nontoxic, and safe for use near wildlife and humans. However, studies indicate its toxicity is underestimated and its persistence in the environment is greater than once thought. Its actions as a neurotoxin and endocrine disruptor indicate its potential to act in similar ways to persistent organic pollutants such as the organochlorines dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and dioxin. Exposure to glyphosate and glyphosate‐based herbicides for both wildlife and people is likely to be chronic and at sublethal levels, with multiple and ongoing exposure events occurring in urban and agricultural landscapes. Despite this, there has been little research on the impact of glyphosate on wildlife populations, and existing studies appear in the agricultural, toxicology, and water‐chemistry literature that may have limited visibility among wildlife biologists. These studies clearly demonstrate a link between chronic exposure and neurotoxicity, endocrine disruption, cell damage, and immune suppression. There is a strong case for the recognition of glyphosate as an emerging organic contaminant and substantial potential exists for collaborative research among ecologists, toxicologists, and chemists to quantify the impact of glyphosate on wildlife and to evaluate the role of biosentinel species in a preemptive move to mitigate downstream impacts on people. There is scope to develop a decision framework to aid the choice of species to biomonitor and analysis methods based on the target contaminant, spatial and temporal extent of contamination, and perceived risk. Birds in particular offer considerable potential in this role because they span agricultural and urban environments, coastal, inland, and wetland ecosystems where glyphosate residues are known to be present.     

Forest Die-Back Modified Plankton Recovery from Acidic Stress

We examined long-term data on water chemistry of Lake Rachelsee (Germany) following the changes in acidic depositions in central Europe since 1980s. Despite gradual chemical recovery of Rachelsee, its biological recovery was delayed. In 1999, lake recovery was abruptly reversed by a coincident forest die-back, which resulted in elevated terrestrial export of nitrate and ionic aluminum lasting ~5 years. This re-acidification episode provided unique opportunity to study plankton recovery in the rapidly recovering lake water after the abrupt decline in nitrate leaching from the catchment. There were sudden changes both in lake water chemistry and in plankton biomass structure, such as decreased bacterial filaments, increased phytoplankton biomass, and rotifer abundance. The shift from dominance of heterotrophic to autotrophic organisms suggested their substantial release from severe phosphorus stress. Such a rapid change in plankton structure in a lake recovering from acidity has, to the best of our knowledge, not been previously documented.     

基于高频AQI数据的关中城市群空气污染规律探索

基于高频分时AQI及各污染物浓度数据,本文使用"AQI小时指数"、首要污染物等进行统计分析并建立VAR模型对关中城市群空气污染的总体情况、日内波动规律以及城市间空气污染的关联规律做了不同层次的挖掘。研究结果表明:(1)关中城市群的空气质量整体较差,春、冬季空气污染程度明显大于夏季,空气污染的"季节效应"和"集簇性"明显,且主要表现为颗粒物污染。(2)空气质量的日内波动规律在春、冬两季表现为下半天优于上半天,夏季夜间优于白天。但在不考虑四季AQI小时指数图"相位"差异的情况下,四季空气污染的日内波动呈现出明显的相似性。(3)各城市空气污染存在明显的关联规律。城市群内一个城市空气污染的恶化会加剧其他城市的空气污染,并且对其他城市空气污染的影响峰值会在24小时之内出现,且该影响会随着空间和时间尺度的增大而逐步衰减。     

广州白云国际机场飞机大气污染物排放分析

根据收集到的2008-2012年广州白云国际机场航班起降次数，参考《珠江三角洲非道路移动源排放清单开发》飞机污染物估算方法及排放因子，计算出此期间机场飞机大气污染物排放量，并与2010-2012年广州市机动车污染物排放情况对比。结果表明：飞机大气污染物排放量随客运量的增长呈逐年上升趋势，而与机动车排放相比，飞机大气污染物排放量较小，故现阶段仍应以机动车作为移动源污染控制的重点。     

燃煤电厂超低排放气态污染物监测技术综述

介绍了燃煤电厂超低排放气态污染物监测系统的采样系统和分析单元,分析了其各自的优缺点。对稀释抽取式、冷干抽取式和热湿抽取式3种采样方法,以及非分散红外吸收法(NDIR)、非分散紫外吸收法(NDUV)、紫外差分吸收法(DOAS)、紫外荧光法(UVF)和化学发光法(CL)5种分析方法进行对比。结果表明,冷干抽取式+紫外差分法以及稀释抽取式+紫外荧光法+化学发光法可以较好地符合燃煤电厂超低排放监测的要求。     

黄山景观区域降雨微量元素化学组成及来源

通过分析降水化学成分,探讨黄山景观区域降雨的微量元素化学组成特征及其来源。结果表明,降雨中微量元素含量呈现明显的季节性变化,主要受到降雨量、pH值、风向及溶解有机质等因素影响。来源分析和贡献估算结果表明,降雨中Mn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Ni、Co等元素受燃煤和交通污染排放的影响显著,贡献率均在98%以上;土壤源和人为源对Fe的贡献率分别为76. 9%、23. 1%,对Ti的贡献率为22. 8%、77. 2%; Sr主要受海洋源(28. 3%)和人为源(70. 5%)双重影响。     

潜流湿地对典型选控性有机污染物去除的预测

建立潜流湿地有机污染物迁移转化模型,采用多孔介质模型描述潜流湿地的水力特性,并引入Monod方程相耦合,实现对湿地系统内部流场及水质浓度的同时模拟。通过实验,校核模型参数,并验证模型。结果表明,该模型能较好模拟潜流湿地中有机污染物的去除效果;计算条件下,在不同基质填料的潜流湿地中都会出现滞水区和快速通道,影响水力效率与污染物去除效果;预测了不同填料系统中7种典型选控性有机污染物的去除效果,其处理效率:苯胺苯酚二甲苯甲苯苯硝基苯氯苯,可通过优选填料提高吸附量和延长停留时间来提高选控性有机物的处理效果。     

Environmental pollutants and type 2 diabetes: a review of human studies

The incidence of diabetes has increased dramatically in recent decades and become one of the leading health problems worldwide. Lifestyle and dietary changes alone cannot account for the dramatic rise of diabetes, while an increasing number of publications have reported the possible relationships between exposure to environmental pollutants and risk of diabetes. In the present review, our objective was to summarize the human studies on environmental pollutants, which includes persistent organic pollutants, pesticides (not on the Stockholm Convention list), bisphenol A, and phthalates, and the risk of diabetes. Currently published results suggest a positive relationship between certain persistent organic pollutants (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, hexachlorobenzene, and polychlorinated biphenyls) and bisphenol A exposure and risk of diabetes. For pyrethroids, organophosphates, carbamates, and phthalates, there are insufficient studies to reach conclusions and therefore more studies, especially prospective studies, are needed along with in vivo and in vitro studies to understand the underlying mechanisms.